Average temperature is:
Heat transfer coefficient of forced convection is calculated with:
( )
Output is:
And, Nusselt number is calculated with the following equation which is selected by the option.
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Default : Use references for Forced = false
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If you select this option, the generalized equation is valid.
( and and is calculated from and )
The default value of the experimental parameters are for the flat plate with the laminar flow.
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Reference "Tube and Duct" : Use references for Forced = true and Forced Convection type = Tube and Duct
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For laminar flow, the constant Nusselt number is used in this option, and for turbulent, Dittus-Boetter's equation [1] is used.
( and and is calculated from and )
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Reference "Over flat plates (Laminar)" : Use references for Forced = true and Forced Convection type = Over flat plates
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( and and is calculated from and )
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Reference "Over a cylinder" : Use references for Forced = true and Forced Convection type = Over a cylinder
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This equation is given by Churchill and Bernstein [2], which is valid for the range , .
( and and is calculated from and )
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Reference "Over a sphere" : Use references for Forced = true and Forced Convection type = Over a sphere
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This equation is developed by Whitaker [3], which is valid for the range , .
( and and is calculated from and )
For information on the calculation of Fluid properties, see Fluid Properties Check.
References
[1] : Dittus, F. W. and L. M. K. Boelter, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Pub. Eng. vol. 2, p.443, 1930.
[2] : Churchill, S. W., and M. Bernstein. "A Correlating Equation for Forced Convection from Gases and Liquids to a Circular Cylinder in Crossflow", J. Heat Transfer, vol.99, pp.300-306, 1977.
[3] : Whitake, S. "Forced Convection Heat-Transfer Correlations for Flow in Pipes, Past Flat Plates, Single Cylinders, Single Spheres, and Flow in Packed Bids and Tube Bundles", AIChE J., vol.18 p361, 1972.